{"id":993,"date":"2026-09-22T08:25:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T23:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/?p=993"},"modified":"2026-09-22T08:41:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T23:41:11","slug":"%e8%8b%b1%e5%9b%bd%e6%bb%9e%e5%9c%a8%e8%a8%98-no-9-%e5%ae%b6%e3%81%8b%e3%82%89%e5%87%ba%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%8f%e5%ad%90%e3%81%a9%e3%82%82%e3%81%9f%e3%81%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/2026\/09\/22\/%e8%8b%b1%e5%9b%bd%e6%bb%9e%e5%9c%a8%e8%a8%98-no-9-%e5%ae%b6%e3%81%8b%e3%82%89%e5%87%ba%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%8f%e5%ad%90%e3%81%a9%e3%82%82%e3%81%9f%e3%81%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u82f1\u56fd\u6ede\u5728\u8a18 No.9: \u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u304f\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An English version is provided below. I have used AI assistance for the translation, but I have checked the text myself.

\u30e9\u30f3\u30ab\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u623b\u308b\u3068\u79cb\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u590f\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u65c5\u884c\u3078\u51fa\u308b\u524d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u591c10\u6642\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3069\u3053\u304b\u306b\u663c\u306e\u540d\u6b8b\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b9\u670820\u65e5\u306b\u306f\u3001\u591c7\u6642\u3092\u904e\u304e\u308b\u3068\u3082\u3046\u6697\u3044\u3002\u671d\u3001\u5916\u3078\u51fa\u308b\u3068\u606f\u304c\u767d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u65e5\u3055\u3048\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u3078\u6765\u305f3\u6708\u3001\u79c1\u306f10\u4ee3\u306e\u9803\u304b\u3089\u7740\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30de\u30a6\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30d1\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8131\u304e\u3001\u9577\u3044\u590f\u3092\u904e\u3054\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u540c\u3058\u670d\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u51fa\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u534a\u5e74\u304c\u7d4c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9\u6708\u306e\u7a7a\u6c17\u306b\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5c11\u3057\u7279\u5225\u306a\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016\u5e74\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3067\u306e\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u6d3b\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3082\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3069\u3053\u306e\u5b63\u7bc0\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002
\u4e7e\u3044\u3066\u5c11\u3057\u51b7\u305f\u3044\u7a7a\u6c17\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3092\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u5fd8\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u610f\u306b\u623b\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u8857\u4e26\u307f\u304c\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3082\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u540c\u3058\u306a\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u8eab\u4f53\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u5148\u306b\u300c\u3042\u306e\u3068\u304d\u3068\u540c\u3058\u5b63\u7bc0\u3060\u300d\u3068\u6c17\u3065\u304f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u306f\u3001\u982d\u3067\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u304c\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u3067\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5b63\u7bc0\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u304c\u7d05\u8336\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3078\u6765\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001\u590f\u3067\u3082\u305a\u3063\u3068\u6e29\u304b\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u98f2\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3002\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3082\u7d05\u8336\u306f\u3001Yorkshire Tea\u306b\u30df\u30eb\u30af\u3092\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u98f2\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c34\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u98f2\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u98f2\u3081\u3070\u98f2\u3080\u307b\u3069\u9055\u3044\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u306fLancashire Tea\u3084Cornish Tea\u307e\u3067\u52a0\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u65e5\u306e\u6c17\u5206\u3067\u98f2\u307f\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u3078\u9032\u3093\u3067\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u55dc\u597d\u54c1\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3082\u3063\u3071\u3089\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u673a\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u5897\u3048\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5b09\u3057\u3044\u3002

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5473\u899a\u304c\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u534a\u5e74\u4f4f\u3081\u3070\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u7d05\u8336\u306b\u3082\u5c11\u3057\u3046\u308b\u3055\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e9\u6708\u3001\u5bb6\u306e\u306a\u304b\u306b\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u7537\u306eReception\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u304c4\u6b73\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5f8c\u306e9\u6708\u304b\u3089Reception\u3078\u901a\u3044\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u3002

\u7fa9\u52d9\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u9f62\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u5f8c\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3001Reception\u3078\u306e\u5165\u5b66\u3068\u7fa9\u52d9\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u306f\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u306f\u540c\u3058\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5236\u670d\u3092\u7740\u305f\u9577\u7537\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306a\u3069\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306b\u3001\u89aa\u306e\u5074\u306b\u306f\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u300c\u5b66\u6821\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u3058\u304c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u590f\u30014\u6b73\u30683\u6b73\u306e\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u4e00\u304b\u6708\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u5bb6\u306b\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u671d\u304b\u3089\u6669\u307e\u3067\u3001\u4f55\u304b\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u55a7\u5629\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8d70\u308b\u3002\u6ce3\u304f\u3002\u7b11\u3046\u3002\u304a\u8179\u304c\u7a7a\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3002\u7247\u3065\u3051\u305f\u5834\u6240\u3092\u6563\u3089\u304b\u3059\u3002\u602a\u6211\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3088\u3046\u3084\u304f\u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5927\u62b5\u3042\u307e\u308a\u9759\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u307b\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u308c\u304c9\u6708\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u9577\u7537\u306f\u5e73\u65e5\u306e8\u664245\u5206\u304b\u308915\u664220\u5206\u307e\u3067\u5b66\u6821\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9a5a\u304f\u307b\u3069\u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u66f8\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b09\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b09\u3057\u3044\u304c\u5bc2\u3057\u3044\u3002\u4e88\u60f3\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u7537\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304b\u3089\u30013\u6b73\u3067\u5e7c\u7a1a\u5712\u3078\u5165\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u9577\u6642\u9593\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3078\u9810\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u632f\u308a\u8fd4\u308c\u3070\u3053\u306e\u6570\u5e74\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u3084\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3001\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3001TRIADE\u306a\u3069\u3001\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\u9996\u3092\u7a81\u3063\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u3084\u4e0d\u7532\u6590\u306a\u3055\u3092\u611f\u3058\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306a\u308a\u306b\u61f8\u547d\u306b\u3084\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3001\u305d\u306e\u771f\u3093\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3084\u306f\u308a\u5b50\u80b2\u3066\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u306e\u9577\u7537\u304c\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reception\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3059\u3050\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u3060\u3051\u3001\u3072\u3069\u304f\u767b\u6821\u3092\u5acc\u304c\u3063\u305f\u671d\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u884c\u304d\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3068\u6ce3\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u306a\u3060\u3081\u305f\u308a\u3001\u3059\u304b\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u308c\u3070\u5f53\u7136\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3042\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u82f1\u56fd\u3067\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u306f\u6163\u308c\u305f\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u3082\u9055\u3046\u3002\u5468\u56f2\u306b\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u9055\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3078\u30014\u6b73\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u304c\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6016\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u3046\u601d\u3046\u3068\u3001\u3053\u3061\u3089\u307e\u3067\u6ce3\u304d\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u7fcc\u671d\u3001\u9577\u7537\u306f\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6ce3\u304b\u305a\u306b\u3044\u3051\u308b\uff01\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u6821\u304c\u8fd1\u3065\u304f\u306b\u3064\u308c\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6c7a\u610f\u306f\u3084\u3084\u602a\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6821\u9580\u3092\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6559\u5ba4\u306e\u5165\u53e3\u307e\u3067\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u6210\u9577\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5927\u4eba\u306f\u3064\u3044\u3001\u300c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u6570\u3048\u305f\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b57\u304c\u66f8\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u7740\u66ff\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3042\u306e\u671d\u306e\u9577\u7537\u3092\u898b\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u6210\u9577\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6016\u3044\u307e\u307e\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce3\u3044\u305f\u6b21\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u3001\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u5ea6\u3084\u3063\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4eba\u304c\u80b2\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u203b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n

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\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u529b\u3092\u8cb8\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u203b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u307b\u3093\u306e\u6570\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6b21\u7537\u306e\u65b9\u3082\u30019\u6708\u304b\u3089Preschool\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u53e3\u307e\u3067\u884c\u304f\u3068\u3001\u5225\u308c\u3092\u60dc\u3057\u3080\u69d8\u5b50\u3082\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u305a\u3093\u305a\u3093\u4e2d\u3078\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6b21\u7537\u306f\u6708\u3001\u6c34\u3001\u91d1\u66dc\u65e5\u306e8\u6642\u304b\u308913\u6642\u307e\u3067Preschool\u3078\u901a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u3082\u89e6\u308c\u305f\u304c\u30013\u30014\u6b73\u5150\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u5e74\u9593570\u6642\u9593\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306f\u903115\u6642\u9593\u309238\u9031\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7121\u511f\u306eearly education and childcare\u306e\u67a0\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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5\u6642\u9593\u3092\u90313\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Preschool\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f\u65e5\u306f\u5e30\u5b85\u3059\u308b\u3068\u663c\u5bdd\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3046\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5bdd\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6\u6708\u306b\u6298\u3063\u305f\u524d\u6b6f\u306e\u6cbb\u7642\u3082\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5bb6\u306f\u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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10\u5e74\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u9593\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4e00\u77ac\u3060\u304c\u3001\u76ee\u306e\u524d\u306b\u672c\u4eba\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u306b\u304d\u3061\u3093\u3068\u523b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u884c\u3046Change Laboratory\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u751f\u3058\u308b\u5b66\u7fd2\u3084\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3069\u3046\u6349\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u3078\u79fb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23\u65e5\u306b\u306f\u30b0\u30e9\u30b9\u30b4\u30fc\u3078\u884c\u304d\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u30ec\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3082ALPE\u3067\u304a\u4e16\u8a71\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29\u65e5\u304b\u3089\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3078\u5411\u304b\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\u6708\u306b\u306fUniversity of Strathclyde\u3067\u8b1b\u6f14\u3059\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306fCambridge\u3067\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308bPeter Cunningham\u5148\u751f\u3092\u8a2a\u306d\u308b\u8a71\u3082\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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9\u6708\u306e\u30e9\u30f3\u30ab\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30aa\u30ec\u30f3\u30b8\u8272\u306e\u5b9f\u304c\u76ee\u7acb\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u306f\u307e\u3060\u9752\u3044\u304c\u3001\u671d\u6669\u306e\u7a7a\u6c17\u306b\u306f\u3082\u3046\u590f\u306e\u6c17\u914d\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u304a\u6e6f\u3092\u6cb8\u304b\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u3001Lancashire Tea\u306b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Notes from My Stay in the UK, No. 9:
Children Leaving Home<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

When we returned to Lancaster, autumn had arrived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before we left for our summer family trip, there was still some trace of daylight in the sky even at ten at night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, as I write this on 20 September, it is already dark after seven. There are even mornings when I step outside and can see my breath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When I arrived in the UK in March, I was wearing a mountain parka that I have had since my teenage years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I took it off, passed through the long summer, and now find myself preparing to take the same jacket out again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Six months have passed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something special about the air in September for me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was in this very season, in 2016, that I began my period of study in Germany. When I walk through the dry, slightly chilly air, things I thought I had forgotten suddenly return to me. The streets are not the same, nor is the language. And yet my body seems to notice before my mind does: this is the same season as back then.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some memories are recalled by the mind. Others seem to be remembered by the body on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the seasons have changed, small changes have also appeared in my life in Britain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tea is one of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since coming here, I have continued to drink hot drinks even through the summer. Tea in particular became an almost daily habit: Yorkshire Tea with milk, which I drank almost like water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I drank it like water, but the more I drank, the more I began to notice the differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recently, Lancashire Tea and Cornish Tea have joined the selection, and I now choose among them depending on my mood. Ever since I entered graduate school, coffee had been almost my only everyday indulgence, so I am rather pleased to have a little more variety on my desk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I would not go so far as to say that my palate has become sophisticated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is more that, after six months here, I have become just a little particular about tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And this September, there has been a much bigger change at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our eldest son has started Reception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In England, many children begin Reception in the September after they turn four.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since compulsory school age begins somewhat later, starting Reception and reaching compulsory school age are not, strictly speaking, the same thing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But when I look at my son in his school uniform, such institutional distinctions matter little. As a parent, I have a very clear sense that school has begun<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This summer, our four-year-old and three-year-old boys were at home every day for more than a month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something was happening from morning until night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They fought. They ran. They cried. They laughed. They said they were hungry. They messed up places we had just tidied. They got hurt. And whenever things finally became quiet, they were usually doing something for which silence was not a particularly reassuring sign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then September came, and our eldest began going to school from 8:45 a.m. until 3:20 p.m. on weekdays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The house became astonishingly quiet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I can work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I can read.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I can write.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am happy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am happy, but I miss him. I had expected that I would, but still.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the time our eldest was born until he started kindergarten at three, we hardly ever left him anywhere for long periods. Looking back over the past few years, I have involved myself in all sorts of things\u2014research, university work, collaborative projects, TRIADE\u2014and although I have often felt inadequate or disappointed in myself, I think I have worked fairly hard at them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet at the centre of those years, after all, was raising our children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And now our eldest son is leaving home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not long after Reception began, there was one morning when he really did not want to go to school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI don\u2019t want to go.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He cried.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As I tried to coax and comfort him, I realised that, when I thought about it, his reaction was perfectly understandable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He may have become reasonably accustomed to life in Britain, but the language is different. The people around him are different. And a four-year-old child has to walk into that place on his own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course it must be frightening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once I thought of it that way, I felt like crying too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the next morning, he announced:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cToday I can go without crying!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As we got closer to school, his determination began to look a little less certain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, he went.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He passed through the school gate and walked all the way to the classroom door.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When adults think about children\u2019s development, we tend to count the things they have become able to do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They can write.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They can speak English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They can get dressed by themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But watching my son that morning, I thought that growing up is not only about becoming able to do what one could not do before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Going even though you are still afraid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trying again the day after you cried.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perhaps that, too, is part of what it means to grow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curiously, we never saw this reluctance when he attended nursery from shortly after our arrival in Britain until the summer. Perhaps, in his own way, he senses something distinctive in the atmosphere of \u201cschool.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fumiyo Kouno, the author of In This Corner of the World<\/em>, also created a manga called Sansanroku<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a story centred on a collection of tips left by a wife who has died before her husband, so that the man with whom she had spent so many years would not struggle with the small practicalities of everyday life after she was gone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How to clean. How to cook. How to sew. What members of the family like. All sorts of things are written down in what amounts to a grandmother\u2019s book of household wisdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the beginning of the story, the wife leaves a prayer that goes something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

I can leave you only these few things,
but may everything I loved in this world
somehow lend you its strength.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

I am a sentimental person, so whenever something dear to me begins to move away from me, I find myself wanting to offer these words to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, whether or not I offer any such prayer, the teachers at school have already been doing a great deal to support my son.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And not only his class teacher. Even the staff at the school gate know his name and greet him when they see him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before entering the classroom, he meets his teacher at the door and chooses, from three options, what he would like for lunch that day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some days it is a ham sandwich; on others, a meat roast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When his teacher asks him, he lowers his eyes shyly, but somehow manages to answer for himself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is only a few words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But I think I can now imagine a little better than before just how much courage a four-year-old has to summon each morning in order to say those few words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perhaps that is because, over the past six months, I have been doing something rather similar myself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One benefit of taking on challenges is that you learn to respect other people who are taking on challenges too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our younger son also started Preschool in September.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When we reach the entrance, he shows little sign of reluctance to leave us and simply marches straight inside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As his parent, I sometimes want to ask, \u201cDon\u2019t you miss us at all?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course he probably does. When we pick him up, he expresses the joy of reunion with his entire body, to an almost theatrical degree. I am sure that there, too, he is taking on all sorts of challenges while showing sides of himself that we never see at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attends Preschool from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. As I have mentioned before, three- and four-year-olds in England have access to an entitlement to 570 hours a year of free early education and childcare, usually taken as 15 hours a week over 38 weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local authorities are also expected to make this available on the same basis to eligible three- and four-year-olds who have moved to England from overseas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Five hours, three days a week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Put like that, it does not sound like much, but for a three-year-old it seems to constitute a perfectly substantial \u201cworking week.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Preschool days, he comes home and takes a nap. On other days, he now hardly naps at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The treatment for the front tooth he broke in June has also finished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a little gap where one tooth used to be, he still talks, eats and laughs heartily every day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both of our children have begun going out into their own places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The house has become quiet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And in that quiet, I do my research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

September has been a month not only of people leaving, but also of people arriving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My parents-in-law and my wife\u2019s sister have visited Lancaster, as has an old friend from the United States. And today, my own sister is arriving from Japan, taking advantage of Japan\u2019s Silver Week holidays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It had been about ten years since I last saw my American friend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had originally come to Hiroshima University as an international student. The last time we met was in Seattle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeing him again after so long, I was struck by how much tougher he had become.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had served in the US military, and physically, too, he had become much bigger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite simply, I thought he looked very cool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ten years can feel like an instant when you spend them apart, but when the person is standing in front of you again, you realise that those years have been properly inscribed on his body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As we talked, we discovered something unexpected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A mutual acquaintance of ours is from Palau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palau has become an increasingly important place in my own thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before the war, Einosuke Ashida was involved in compiling Japanese-language readers used in the South Seas Mandate. In my presentation in Montreal, I also treated this as an important case for thinking about self-expression and control in education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I had already been hoping to visit Palau in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then, through a conversation with a friend I had not seen in ten years, another human connection unexpectedly appeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We said that next summer, perhaps we should meet again\u2014this time in Palau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research sometimes opens up paths from places entirely different from those we planned at our desks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The archival research in Sheffield that I wrote about last time was much the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You meet someone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You talk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And then you discover that somewhere you had always thought was far away can become surprisingly close if you follow the connections from one person to another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After six months in Britain, I think I have come to enjoy meeting people even more than I did before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, this past month has also been one in which I have thought a good deal about the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I visited a doctor so that I could continue receiving medication for a chronic condition while in Britain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not long afterwards, my eldest son and I both developed fevers approaching 40\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He recovered relatively quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I was in bed for about three days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At moments like this, the difference that youth makes is mercilessly clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The applications to extend our two children\u2019s visas have also cost us more than 500,000 yen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I have lost count of how many times I have used the phrase \u201cunexpected expense\u201d since coming to Britain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I think about research funding. I think about living expenses. I think about visas. I take my medication and check my children\u2019s temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is impossible to extract research from the rest of life and live only that part of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This week, my collaborative research with Professor Brett Bligh, who is hosting me at Lancaster University, also begins again in earnest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How should an online Change Laboratory be designed, and how should we understand the learning and change that take place within it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are beginning to turn the things we have discussed so far into concrete research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the 23rd, I will travel to Glasgow to attend a lecture by a Taiwanese researcher who also supported me through ALPE during my graduate-school years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the 29th, I leave for Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In October, I am scheduled to give a lecture at the University of Strathclyde. Soon afterwards, plans are also taking shape for me to visit Peter Cunningham in Cambridge, whose book I am currently helping to translate into Japanese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Looking only at my calendar, life is becoming rather busy again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And yet, every morning at 8:45, my eldest son goes to school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, our younger son leaves for Preschool a little earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After seeing them both off, I close the front door.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The house becomes quiet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I make tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And I sit down at my desk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the past, I might have thought of that quiet simply as \u201ctime when I can finally get through my tasks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now it feels a little different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am glad to feel that I am connected to the wider world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, I miss the thudding sound of small feet running across the floor and the noise of brothers arguing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apparently, these two feelings are not contradictory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When you study education, you often encounter the word \u201cindependence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A child becomes able to do things alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A child moves away from parents and teachers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certainly, that is one form of independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But now that I am the one sending my children out into the world, it looks a little different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perhaps independence does not mean becoming able to do everything by oneself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our children have teachers who know their names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are people at the school gate who greet them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the classroom, there are people who ask what they would like to eat that day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They let go of their parents\u2019 hands and enter places where such people are waiting for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moving away from someone does not mean becoming alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It means entering into relationships with someone else.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seen that way, perhaps my own past six months have not been so different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I left my university in Japan and came to Britain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I moved from Manchester to Lancaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I travelled to Montreal and met new people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soon I will go to Glasgow and Germany and speak with still more people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because there are places and people willing to send us off, we can enter other places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And because there is somewhere to return to, we can travel a little farther.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In September, orange berries have begun to stand out across Lancaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sky is still blue, but the morning and evening air no longer carries any trace of summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, another new week begins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our younger son puts on his little backpack, gathers everyone at the front door, and then sets off, waving as we watch him leave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our eldest puts on his school uniform. He shows a moment of hesitation, but then, as though suddenly making up his mind, gives me a high five and heads out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His steps are strong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I watch the two boys leave with my wife, who walks with them, and then return to the room.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I put the kettle on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, I think I will have Lancashire Tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An English version is provided …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":237,"featured_media":1002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lab"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/237"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=993"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/993\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1010,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/993\/revisions\/1010"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wps.itc.kansai-u.ac.jp\/n-yamada\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}